How Close Is Afghanistan To Russia

Bilateral relations

Afghanistan–Russia relations

Afghanistan	Russia
Diplomatic mission
Afghan Embassy, Moscow	Russian Embassy, Kabul
Envoy
Charge d'Affaires Jamal Nasir Gharwal	Ambassador Dmitry Zhirnov

Afghan diplomatic mission in Moscow, Russia.

Relations betwixt Afghanistan and Russia showtime emerged in the 19th century. At the time they were placed in the context of "The Cracking Game", Russian–British confrontations over Afghanistan from 1840 to 1907.^[ane] The Soviet Spousal relationship was the first country to institute diplomatic relations with Afghanistan following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919.^[2] On 28 February 1921, Afghanistan and Soviet Russian federation signed a Friendship Treaty.^[3] The Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan against the Basmachi movement in 1929 and 1930.

Following the Second World War, the Kingdom of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union formed a friendly relationship, and the latter provided much aid and development to Afghanistan. Following the Saur Revolution, the ii countries signed a friendship treaty in 1978. In 1979 the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan with Operation Storm-333. This action precipitated a negative reaction in well-nigh of the Muslim world deeming information technology every bit an invasion, and contributing to a decline in Afghanistan's prosperity and a strengthening of radical elements within the country. The Russian-backed Afghan regime collapsed in 1992. However, Russo-Afghan relations have improved somewhat in the years following the conflict. Russia now has an embassy in Kabul and a consulate-general in Mazar-due east-Sharif, and Transitional islamic state of afghanistan has an embassy in Moscow.

Afghanistan is also one of the few countries that recognised the annexation of Crimea by the Russia in 2014.^[4]

Historical relations [edit]

Czarist Russia [edit]

Czarist Russia first established diplomatic relations with Transitional islamic state of afghanistan in 1837, at a fourth dimension of strained diplomatic relations between United kingdom and Russia,^[five] the "Neat Game". Majestic Russia desired a direct trading road with India. Initial contact with Afghanistan was viewed with suspicion past the British Empire, which suspected Russia of attempting to expand its territory into the Indian subcontinent. The Russian authorities opened diplomatic relations with Afghanistan. This, combined with their support of Iranian ruler Mohammad Shah Qajar's attempt to conquer Herat in 1838, resulted in the British invasion of Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan State of war (1839–42).

Throughout the 19th century Russia steadily advanced beyond Central Asia, conquering Tashkent in 1865, Samarkand and Kokand in 1868, and Khiva in 1873. Britain suggested Afghanistan as a buffer state, but following the June 1878 Congress of Berlin Russia sent a embassy to Kabul.^[6] Sher Ali Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan, attempted to keep the Russian envoys out, only they arrived in Kabul on 22 July 1878. On xiv Baronial, the British demanded that Sher Ali accept a British mission as well.^[7] This incident resulted in the Second Anglo-Afghan War.

The Panjdeh incident in 1885 was the next major event in the history of Afghan-Russian relations. Over again, the British-Russian rivalry boiled over subsequently Russia seized several oases from Afghanistan. The British threatened war, but the nations fabricated an agreement in 1887 establishing a buffer zone in Key Asia.^[8] In the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, the Russian Empire and British Empire divided up spheres of influence, with Russia agreeing to concede Afghanistan to the British side, in exchange for Primal Asia and northern Iran.^[ix] Afghanistan was neutral in Globe War I, despite the Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition by the Cardinal Powers.

The 1916 Cardinal Asian Revolt led to the Basmachi motion, which received some support from the Afghan regime. The Basmachi rebels used parts of Afghanistan as a condom haven until the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, when Vladimir Lenin and other communist party leaders made efforts to gain support from the considerable Muslim population of their country.^[5] In the wake of World State of war I, the Bolsheviks were occupied with the Russian Civil War and other domestic problems, so Russian federation appeared less threatening than British imperialism. In 1919, war broke out for the tertiary time in the Third Anglo-Afghan War with an Afghan invasion of British Republic of india. Soviet Russia indirectly supported Afghanistan afterward the war by becoming the kickoff country to plant diplomatic relations with them in 1919, and recognizing their borders.^[10] Following renewed anti-British sentiment after the Anglo-Afghan State of war, a non-aggression pact between Afghanistan and the Soviet Union was formalized in 1921.^[three] The treaty provided for Afghan transit rights through the Soviet Union and formed the ground of friendly relations during the 1920s. Early Soviet assistance included financial aid, shipping and attendant technical personnel, and telegraph operators.^[ii]

The USSR [edit]

Bilateral relations

Afghanistan–Soviet Matrimony relations

Afghanistan	Soviet Union

In 1924 and 1925, the Soviet Wedlock and Afghanistan engaged in a conflict over the isle of Urtatagai. The conflict ended with a peace treaty wherein the Soviet Union recognized the island equally part of Afghanistan, and Afghanistan was forced to restrain Basmachi border raids. In 1929, during the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929), the Saqqawists revoked the treaty upon coming to power. Subsequent Basmachi incursions from northern Transitional islamic state of afghanistan prompted the beginning of the Red regular army intervention in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, which succeeded at reducing Basmachi offensive capabilities.^[xi] A small Basmachi resurgence in late 1929 and early 1930 prompted a 2d intervention.

A group of Afghan and Soviet people in Moscow, c. 1991.

A 1969 Soviet postage stamp in honor of 50 years of USSR-Afghanistan relations

The Cold War lasted from 1946 to 1991. The conflict shaped Soviet strange policy towards developing countries, emphasizing the creation of boob, proxy, and buffer states.

Afghanistan's strange policy after 1919 was 1 of non-alignment. Despite this policy, the Afghanistan government still retained proficient terms with both the United States and the Soviet Union. The countries' treaty of neutrality and nonaggression was starting time signed in 1928.^[12] In 1929, Ghulam Nabi served as Afghan ambassador to the Soviet Union, beingness stationed in Moscow.^[13] In a confidential report in 1944 to the India Office, It was reported that fear of Russia was prevalent within the Afghan air strength, and a question that was frequently put to British Instructors was "when will the British and Americans realise that Russia is a danger to all small-scale countries in Europe and Asia and begin to have action to counter Russian aims in the Balkans, the Mediterranean and the Near E?".^[14] Upon existence elected Prime Minister, Mohammad Daoud Khan pursued close relations with the Soviet Union. The Soviets began a major economic assistance program in Afghanistan in the 1950s.^[15] Transitional islamic state of afghanistan'due south strained relations with Pakistan over the Pashtunistan issue, as well as the 1954 military machine pact betwixt Pakistan and the Us, was some other big reason of the closer relations (but whilst maintaining not-alignment).^{[xvi] [17]}

Betwixt 1954 and 1978, Afghanistan received more than $i billion in Soviet aid, including substantial armed services help. From 1956, a major arms agreement with the USSR allowed Afghanistan to modernize their regular army for the first time since World War II.^[18] The Afghan king along with the Foreign Minister paid a visit to the Soviet Union in July 1957 and again from 17 August to 4 September 1957. Along with increasing military aid, it was agreed for the Soviets to conduct petroleum exploration in northern Transitional islamic state of afghanistan.^[19] The petroleum exploration initiated from the 2d half of 1958.^{[twenty] [21]} An additional deal of economical and technical cooperation between the two countries was signed by Daoud Khan and Nikita Khrushchev in May 1959.^[22] The USSR also saw its neighbor as important to its national security.^[23] Further petroleum exploration by the Soviet Union in Afghanistan occurred from 1960 to 1963 in Sheberghan, Sar-e-Pul, and Faryab^[21] In 1973, the two countries announced a $200 million help understanding on gas and oil development, trade, ship, irrigation, and mill construction.

Despite his before close cooperation with the USSR, Daoud Khan led Afghanistan back towards independence and non-alignment equally President of the new republic. Additionally, he sent troops as well as diplomats to neighbouring countries to build up foreign relations and decrease Afghanistan'southward dependence on the Soviet Spousal relationship, seeking instead closer relations to the w and the United States. On a state visit to the USSR in April 1977, Daoud Khan told Leonid Brezhnev that Transitional islamic state of afghanistan shall remain free and that the Soviet Spousal relationship will not be able to dictate how Transitional islamic state of afghanistan would govern.^[24] Relations between the ii countries turned more positive again after the communist party took ability in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan. On v Dec 1978, the two countries signed a 20-year friendship treaty.^[25] However relations turned sour again afterward the killing of Nur Muhammad Taraki in 1979.^{[26] [23]}

There were iv main motivations for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Offset, the Soviet conventionalities that Transitional islamic state of afghanistan had strategic importance for the security of their borders. This belief was consistent with longstanding Russian foreign policy that emphasized security through expansionism and the establishment of physical barriers in the class of buffer states. The 2nd reason for invasion was the possibility of interrupting Chinese and American efforts to found greater political influence in Afghanistan before Soviet intervention would entail direct confrontation of those 2 rival powers. The third reason was to enforce the dominance of Marxist–Leninist revolutionary ideals, above the emergent Nationalist Islamic ideology in Afghanistan. Lastly, the Soviets were aware of the royal advantages of direct intervention and occupation. In item, they were interested in securing unfettered access to the raw materials and inexpensive manufactured goods of their smaller neighbour. Around this fourth dimension, the Soviets were likewise experiencing success in influencing affairs in the Middle Due east, such as the southern office of the Arabian Peninsula. The invasion earned the Soviet Union nearly universal condemnation by the international community.^{[27] [28]} The Soviet intervention has likewise been analysed with the model of the resource curse. The 1979 insurrection in Iran saw a massive increase in the scarcity and price of oil, adding tens of billions of dollars to the Soviet economic system. The oil boom may have overinflated national conviction, serving as a goad for the invasion. The Politburo was temporarily relieved of financial constraints and sought to fulfill a long-term geopolitical goal of seizing the atomic number 82 in the region between Central Asia and the Gulf.^[29]

Following the 1979 invasion, the Soviets augmented their large aid commitments to shore up the Afghan economy and rebuild the Afghan military. They provided the Karmal regime an unprecedented $800 million.^{[ citation needed ]} During their 10-year occupation of Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, the Soviets established 100 gas wells, and pipelines that shipped fuel into Soviet Cardinal Asia.^{[30] [28]}

The Soviet Matrimony supported the Najibullah regime even after the withdrawal of Soviet troops in Feb 1989. Today, unresolved questions concerning Soviet MIA/POWs in Afghanistan remain an issue between Russia and Transitional islamic state of afghanistan.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Russia [edit]

During the Afghan Ceremonious War (1992-96), the Soviet House of Scientific discipline and Culture in due west Kabul was destroyed during fighting between rival factions.^[31]

In 1993, Tajik rebels based in Afghanistan attacked a Russian border outpost in Tajikistan amid the Tajikistani Civil War, killing 25 Russians and prompting Russian retaliatory strikes,^[32] which acquired extensive damage in northern Transitional islamic state of afghanistan. Reports of Afghan support for the rebels, part of the United Tajik Opposition against the Dushanbe government, led to absurd relations between Russia and Afghanistan.

Russia became increasingly disenchanted with the Taliban over their support for Chechen rebels and for providing a sanctuary for terrorist groups active in Central Asia and in Russia itself. Russian federation provided armed forces help to the Afghan Northern Brotherhood, who eventually proved to be a major force in the efforts to overthrow the Taliban regime following United States intervention in 2001.

In Oct 2005, Russian defence force officials stated they would be giving helicopters and other military equipment to Afghanistan'due south army worth $xxx million USD.^[33]

In October 2010, Afghan President Hamid Karzai reprimanded Russia after its forces entered the country without permission. He besides stated that Russia has "violated Afghan sovereignty" in a articulation mission with United states agents.^[34]

However, later Russia'south relations with the Due west soured post-obit the Ukraine conflict, Moscow decided to become active and expand its role in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, according to Omar Nassar, the director of the Moscow-based Middle for Gimmicky Afghan Studies (CISA).^[35]

Russia'south more than active involvement in Afghanistan includes business investment proposals, diplomatic propaganda, cultural programs, fiscal and military machine support for the fundamental regime, power influence in the north and with the Taliban. Since 2016, it has provided the Afghan authorities with tens of thousands of Kalashnikov rifles and millions of rounds of ammunition.^[36] Moscow has already launched several efforts at affairs. Betwixt December 2016 and Apr 2017, Russia hosted three rounds of talks involving China, Islamic republic of iran, and Pakistan. In the third round, it included Afghanistan, as well.^[36]

In 2017, a new Russian cultural eye was built and (re-)opened in Kabul'south Darulaman Road, on the same site as the former Soviet-era House of Science and Culture which was built in 1982 and damaged by war in the 1990s.^{[37] [38]}

A anniversary was held in Moscow on 28 May 2019 marking the 100th ceremony of diplomatic relations. It was followed by talks between Afghan politicians and a Taliban delegation in an attempt to grade peace in the Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan.^[39]

On 9 April 2022, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Diplomacy accredited Taliban appointee Jamal Nasir Gharwal as accuse d'affaires of the Afghan Embassy in Moscow.^[twoscore]

References [edit]

1. ^ Braithwaite, Sir Rodric (1 July 2011). "The Russians in Afghanistan". Asian Diplomacy. 42 (2): 213–229. doi:x.1080/03068374.2011.571364. ISSN 0306-8374. S2CID 159738998.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Afghanistan | Boundless World History".
3. ^ ^{a b} "Russia'due south treaties of friendship and cooperation in Asia". Monterey, California: U.South. Naval Postgraduate School. March 1980.
4. ^ Rosenberg, Matthew (23 March 2014). "Why Afghanistan backs Russian takeover in Crimea". The Seattle Times . Retrieved 12 August 2021.
5. ^ ^{a b} The Soviet Union and the Muslim World 1917-1958, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1959
6. ^ Medlicott and Weeks Jr., Westward. N. and Richard G. (January 1986). "Documents on Russian Foreign Policy, 1878-1880: Section I: August-Dec 1878". The Slavonic and Eastward European Review. 64 (1): 81–99. JSTOR 4209229.
7. ^ Barthorp, Michael (2002) [1982]. Afghan Wars and the Northward-West Frontier 1839–1947. London: Cassell. pp. 66–67. ISBN978-0-304-36294-3.
8. ^ Raymond Mohl, "Confrontation in Central Asia" History Today xix (1969) 176-183
9. ^ "ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907". Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
10. ^ Amin Saikal, Ravan Farhadi, Kirill Nourzhanov. Modern Afghanistan: a history of struggle and survival. I.B.Tauris, 2006. ISBN i-84511-316-0, ISBN 978-i-84511-316-2. p. 64
11. ^ Ritter, William Southward (1990). "Revolt in the Mountains: Fuzail Maksum and the Occupation of Garm, Spring 1929". Periodical of Contemporary History 25: 547. doi:10.1177/002200949002500408.
12. ^ H.L (1932). "Soviet Treaties of Neutrality and Not-Assailment, 1931-32". Message of International News. 8 (xx): 3–6. JSTOR 25639033.
13. ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 128. ISBN9781558761551.
14. ^ Lancaster, Alexander (1944). "Quarterly Study on the Afghan Air Force for the catamenia 1st Baronial to 31st October 1944". India Office. p. 6.
15. ^ Payind, Alam (1989). "Soviet-Afghan Relations from Cooperation to Occupation". International Periodical of Middle East Studies. 21 (1): 107–128. doi:x.1017/S002074380003213X. JSTOR 163642.
16. ^ "U.South-Pakistan Military Cooperation". Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 27 Apr 2019.
17. ^ "Breakthrough or Breakdown? U.Due south.-Pakistan Armed services Brotherhood of 1954 - Page iii of vi". Foreign Policy Periodical. 22 Nov 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
18. ^ Oliker, Olga (2011). "20th-Century Security Help to Afghanistan Earlier the Soviet Invasion". Historical Overview. Building Afghanistan's Security Forces in Wartime. RAND Corporation. pp. 3–xviii. ISBN9780833051684. JSTOR 10.7249/mg1078a.ten.
19. ^ "SOVIET AID TO Transitional islamic state of afghanistan - CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
20. ^ "Soviet to Seek Afghan Oil". The New York Times. 9 Jan 1958. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
21. ^ ^{a b} Mehrad, Ahmad Tamim; Zvolinski, V P; Kapralova, D O; Niazmand, Milad Ahmad (12 Dec 2020). "Assessment of oil and gas resources of northern Afghanistan and their affect on free energy security in the country". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 976 (1): 012038. Bibcode:2020MS&E..976a2038T. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/976/1/012038. ISSN 1757-899X.
22. ^ Hilali, A. Z. (2005). "The Soviet penetration into Transitional islamic state of afghanistan and the Marxist Coup". The Journal of Slavic War machine Studies. 18 (four): 673–716. doi:10.1080/13518040500354984. S2CID 145101689.
23. ^ ^{a b} "USSR and Afghanistan sign "friendship treaty"". HISTORY . Retrieved 27 April 2019.
24. ^ "Ascent of Anti-Soviet Sentiment - History of Western Culture II". courses.lumenlearning.com . Retrieved 27 April 2019.
25. ^ Whitney, Craig R. (6 December 1978). "20‐Twelvemonth Treaty Moves Afghans Closer to Soviet". The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2019.
26. ^ Payind, Alam (1989). "Soviet-Afghan Relations from Cooperation to Occupation". International Periodical of Middle E Studies. 21 (i): 107–128. doi:10.1017/S002074380003213X. JSTOR 163642.
27. ^ Garg, J. P.. 1981. "Russian penetration in Third World with special reference to Afghanistan". The Indian Journal of Political Scientific discipline 42 (4).: 72–84.
28. ^ ^{a b} "Soviets catch Afghan resources, saving their own". Christian Science Monitor. 22 December 1982. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
29. ^ Brown, James D. J. (1 January 2013). "Oil Fueled? The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan". Mail-Soviet Diplomacy. 29 (1): 56–94. doi:ten.1080/1060586X.2013.778543. ISSN 1060-586X.
30. ^ "Afghans Seek Oil, Gas Field Information From Russia". Los Angeles Times. 21 December 2002. Retrieved viii July 2021.
31. ^ Bowley, Graham (11 Feb 2012). "Kabul's Soviet Ruins Offer a Reminder of Regal Ambitions". The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2019.
32. ^ "45 Reported Killed in a Clash in Tajikistan". Reuters. Retrieved v July 2018.
33. ^ "Tourists flee devastated flood area". Chicago Tribune. 10 Oct 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2014. Russian federation volition supply Afghanistan'south fledgling army with helicopters and equipment worth $30 1000000
34. ^ "News from California, the nation and earth". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 27 Apr 2019.
35. ^ Nazimi, Waslat Hasrat. "Russian federation'south new role in Afghanistan". Deutsche Welle.
36. ^ ^{a b} Gurganus, Julia (2018). "Russia's Afghanistan Strategy". Strange Affairs.
37. ^ "Russian federation business firm of science and civilisation to re-open in Kabul". didpress.com. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
38. ^ "Russia rebuilds a cultural middle in Kabul for a new era of influence - The Washington Post".
39. ^ "Hosting Taliban Delegates, Russia Calls for Withdrawal of Foreign Forces from Afghanistan".
40. ^ "Russia Latest State to Establish Diplomatic Ties With Taliban". Vox of America. nine April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.

Further reading [edit]

• * Adamec, Ludwig Due west. Afghanistan'south strange affairs to the mid-twentieth century: relations with the USSR, Deutschland, and Great britain (University of Arizona Press, 1974).
• Bagchi Thou.P. Soviet Afghan relations (the University of Michigan, 1985)
• Braithwaite, Rodric. "The Russians in Afghanistan." Asian Affairs 42.2 (2011): 213-229 summarizes the long history.
• Braithwaite, Rodric. Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89 (Oxford Academy Printing, 2013)
• Brysac, Shareen and Karl Meyer. Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. (2006).
• Dalrymple, William. Return of a King: The Battle for Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, 1839-1842 (Alfred Knopf, 2013).
• Girardet, Ed. Afghanistan: The Soviet War (Routledge, 2012).
• Honnen, Mark F., "Securitizing British India: A New Framework of Assay for the Offset Anglo-Afghan War." (MA Thesis, Georgia State Academy, 2013). online bibliography pp 100=103.
• Hopkirk, Peter. The great game: The struggle for empire in Central Asia (Kodansha Globe, 1994).
• McCauley, Martin. Afghanistan and central Asia: A modern history (Routledge, 2016).
• Yapp, M.E., Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran, and Afghanistan, 1798-1859 (1980).

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations

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